In the context of wireless networks, a link is considered “long distance” when it exceeds the typical ranges of standard Wi-Fi networks, which typically offer reliable coverage within 100 meters (328 feet) in indoor environments and up to about 250 meters (820 feet) in open spaces without significant obstructions.

Therefore, links that exceed these ranges and extend for kilometers can be classified as long distance.

Long-distance links are generally established to connect two points separated by distances ranging from a few kilometers to tens or even hundreds of kilometers, depending on the technology and infrastructure used.

For example, in the case of point-to-point (PtP) links using wireless technology in licensed or unlicensed bands, long-distance connections of more than 50 kilometers can be achieved under optimal conditions, with records that even exceed 100 kilometers using equipment and specialized techniques.

Key Factors for Long Distance Links:

• Direct Visibility (Line of Sight, LoS): To establish a long-distance wireless link, it is crucial to have a clear line of sight between the transmission and reception points, without obstacles such as buildings, trees or high ground.
• Equipment Selection: Using high-gain directional antennas and transceivers capable of transmitting and receiving signals over long distances is essential. The choice of equipment varies depending on link distance, frequencies used, and bandwidth requirements.
• Frequency: Lower frequency bands (such as 900 MHz or 2.4 GHz) generally offer better range and obstacle penetration than higher bands (such as 5 GHz or higher), although they may be more subject to interference.
• Local Regulations: Local laws and regulations may restrict the use of certain frequencies or require licenses to operate long-distance wireless links, especially in licensed bands.

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While typical Wi-Fi networks are designed for short distances within buildings or limited areas, long-distance links are specialized configurations designed to connect remote points, overcoming technical and environmental challenges to ensure effective communication over long distances.